Cyfraith Hywel Dda

Peniarth 28: Darluniau o Lyfr Cyfraith Hywel Dda

Daniel Huws

XKD 9430 H9B (4to)

Cyfraith Hywel oedd yr enw gan Gymry yr Oesoedd Canol ar eu cyfraith frodorol. Collodd hi ei blaenoriaeth wedi goresgyn Cymru gan Edward I a Statud Rhuddlan yn 1284, ond fe barhaodd yn elfen bwysig yn y gyfraith a weinyddwyd yng Nghymru hyd at Ddeddf Uno 1536. Mae'r ffaith fod ar glawr gymaint â deugain o lyfrau cyfraith sy'n gynharach na 1536, a'r rhan fwyaf ohonynt yn ddiweddarach na 1284, yn dyst i barhad defnyddioldeb cyfraith Hywel.

Bu farw Hywel Dda yn 949 neu 950. Yng nghyfnod olaf ei deyrnasiad yr oedd yn rheoli mwy o diriogaeth Cymru nag unrhyw frenin o'i flaen, a bron mwy nag unrhyw Gymro a ddaeth ar ei ôl. Nodweddwyd ei deyrnasiad gan gyfnod o heddwch. Yr oedd Hywel felly mewn safle lle gallai hyrwyddo diwygiad ac unffurfiaeth yn y gyfraith Gymreig; y tebyg yw fod y gyfraith sy'n dwyn ei enw yn cynnwys cnewyllyn dilys o gyfraith a gynullwyd yn amser Hywel. Mae astudiaethau ar destunau'r llyfrau cyfraith yn awgrymu fod traddodiad ysgrifenedig hir i lawer o'u cynnwys, traddodiad sy'n debyg o fynd yn ôl o leiaf mor bell â chyfnod Hywel. Ac eto, nid oes ar glawr un llyfr sy'n gynharach nag ail chwarter y drydedd ganrif ar ddeg. Yn ogystal â chnewyllyn o ddeunydd cynnar sy'n gyffredin iddynt, fe geir yn y llawysgrifau hyn ddeunydd sydd yn amlwg yn perthyn i'r ddeuddegfed a hyd yn oed i'r drydedd ganrif ar ddeg.

Mae'r genhedlaeth gyntaf o lyfrau cyfraith, rhai ohonynt yn Lladin, rhai yn Gymraeg, yn perthyn i ddegawdau Canol y drydedd ganrif ar ddeg. Nid oes dyddiad ar yr un ohonynt. Mae'r rhan fwyaf ohonynt yn tarddu o Wynedd, cartref tywysogion Cymru yn ystod canrif olaf ei hannibyniaeth. Llyfrau bychain ac ôl traul arnynt yw'r rhan fwyaf o'r llyfrau hyn, llyfrau ymarferol i'w cario o gwmpas gan wŷr y gyfraith yn hytrach na llyfrau llyfrgell. Perthyn llawysgrif Peniarth 28 yn y Llyfrgell Genedlaethol i'r to cyntaf hwn o lyfrau cyfraith. Cynnwys un o'r fersiynau Lladin ar gyfraith Hywel (testun sy'n hysbys i ysgolheigion dan yr enw 'Lladin A'). Yr hyn sydd yn ei gosod ar wahân i'r holl lawysgrifau cyfraith eraill yw'r gyfres darluniau a atgynhyrchir yn y llyfryn hwn.

Nid yw'n amlwg paham yr addurnwyd Peniarth 28 â'r gyfres lluniau. Yr esboniad tebycaf yw bod y llyfr wedi'i wneud yn gopi cyflwyno ar gyfer rhyw berson o bwys. Mae'r ffaith fod y testun yn un Lladin yn awgrymu mai ar gyfer eglwyswr yn hytrach na gŵr cyfraith neu leygwr o Gymro y gwnaethpwyd y llyfr. Erbyn tua dechrau'r bedwaredd ganrif ar ddeg yr oedd Peniarth 28 yn llyfrgell abaty Sant Awstin yng Nghaergaint. Ond cyn hynny, fe ymddengys, hwn oedd yr union lyfr y dyfynnwyd ohono gan John Pecham, archesgob Caergaint, pan ysgrifennodd ei lythyr condemniol at Lywelyn ap Gruffudd ym mis Tachwedd 1282. Ni allwn ond dyfalu sut y bu i'r llawysgrif hon ddod i ddwylo Pecham. Mae tystiolaeth y testun yn awgrymu mai rhywle yn yr hen Ddyfed yr ysgrifennwyd hi.

Erbyn y drydedd ganrif ar ddeg nid peth anghyffredin oedd fod gan noddwyr cefnog ar y Cyfandir ac yn Lloegr lawysgrifau o gyfraith ganon yr Eglwys a chyfraith sifil Rhufain oedd yn cynnwys darluniau yn rhan o'u haddurn. Mae enghreifftiau hefyd o lawysgrifau cyfreithiau brodorol, megis eiddo Lloegr a'r Almaen, sy'n cynnwys lluniau. Ond mae'n anodd credu fod dylanwad unrhyw fath arall o lyfr cyfraith ar y gyfres lluniau yn Peniarth 28, ar wahân efallai i'r syniad fod lluniau yn gweddu rywsut i gopi de luxe o lyfr cyfraith. Hyd yn oed yng nghyd-destun cyffredinol llawysgrifau canoloesol Cymreig mae Peniarth 28 yn llyfr hynod. Ychydig iawn o'r llawysgrifau hyn sydd â darluniau yn perthyn i'w haddurn o gwbl; llai byth ohonynt sydd â lluniau ac elfen fawr o wreiddioldeb yn perthyn iddynt. Llwm oedd y traddodiad Cymreig yn hyn o beth.

Mae'r rhan fwyaf o gelfyddyd ganoloesol yn dibynnu'n drwm ar fodelau blaenorol; amrywiai'r graddau o fenthyca a gwreiddioldeb. Yn Peniarth 28 gwelir yn llun y brenin, yr unig ddarlun y mae'n amlwg fod cynsail soffistigedig y tu ôl iddo, adlewyrchiad delw brenin y gellir gweld ei thebyg mewn llu o lawysgrifau, yn grefyddol a seciwlar, o ddiwedd y ddeuddegfed ganrif a dechrau'r drydedd ar ddeg. Ond am y gweddill, mae naws dyfeisio ar y pryd ar y lluniau, ambell un ohonynt yn awgrymu mwy o arfer na'i gilydd; gellir cynnig, er enghraifft, fod yr arlunydd wedi tynnu llun llawer milgi o'r blaen (neu fod ganddo fodel gan well arlunydd o'i flaen) tra bod buwch a gwenyn yn bur ddieithr iddo. Nid yw'r lluniau'n brin o fenter, beth bynnag a fo am y gelfyddyd. Ac y mae lle i dybio fod sylwadaeth ofalus y tu ôl iddynt (gweler y nodiadau ar ddiwedd y llyfryn hwn).

Mae'r inc a welir yn y darluniau yn Peniarth 28 yn edrych yr un fath ag inc yr ysgrifen. Dichon mai'r un oedd yr arlunydd a'r ysgrifwr. Defnyddiai ddau brif liw ar wahân i'w inc du: coch a gwyrdd. Defnyddir hefyd ar adegau ryw felyn tenau, rhyw frown tenau ac unwaith (ar gyfer y carw) ryw frown tenau cochaidd. Yn anffodus, yn y gwyrdd a ddefnyddid (ferdigris, mae'n debyg) yr oedd yna duedd i fwyta trwy'r memrwn; erbyn heddiw gwelir ambell dwll yn y ddalen.

Perthyn rhan helaethaf y darluniau yn Peniarth 28 i ddwy gyfres. O ffolio 1^v hyd 6^v ceir darluniau o'r brenin a rhai o'r pedwar swyddog ar hugain oedd yn perthyn i'w lys. Mae diddordeb arbennig yn perthyn i'r darluniau hyn gan nad oes gennym lawysgrif arall yn cynnwys ymgais gan Gymro o'r drydedd ganrif ar ddeg i bortreadu ei gyfoeswyr (a bwrw nad copïo o gynsail gynharach yr oedd yr arlunydd). Ar ffolio 15^v a 17^v ceir lluniau eraill o bobl. Yna, ar ffolio 20^v hyd 26^r daw cyfres o ddarluniau adar, anifeiliaid a phethau sydd o werth cyfreithiol, yn dynodi dechrau'r gwahanol adrannau sy'n ymdrin â'r gyfraith yn ymwneud â hwy. Er bod ambell ddarlun wedi dioddef trwy draul ar y llawysgrif, ac ambell un yn ddigon distadl ei gynnwys, fe gynhwysir pob un yn y llyfryn hwn, er mwyn gwneud cofnod llawn amdanynt.

Llyfryddiaeth

Argreffir testun Peniarth 28, ynghyd â thestunau'r fersiynau Lladin eraill ac astudiaeth sylfaenol o'r llawysgrifau a'u testunau, yn H.D. Emanuel, The Latin Texts of the Welsh Laws (Caerdydd, 1967). Mae cyfieithiad o'r testun i'r Saesneg gan Ian F. Fletcher, Latin Reduction A of the Law, of Hywel (Aberystwyth, 1986). Man cychwyn deall cyfraith Hywel yw Dafydd Jenkins, Cyfraith Hywel (ail argraffiad, Llandysul, 1976). Llawlyfr anhepgorol yw Dafydd Jenkins, The Law of Hywel Dda: Law Texts from Medieval Wales translated and edited (Llandysul, 1986). Ceir cyflwyniad cryno yn A. D. Carr a Dafydd Jenkins, Trem ar Gyfraith Hywel (Hendy-gwyn, 1985). Ar lawysgrif Peniarth 28 ei hun gweler Daniel Huws, 'Leges Howelda at Canterbury', National Library of Wales Journal xix (1976), tt. 340-4, ac xx (1977), t. 95.

Rhestr Darluniau

Atgynhyrchir y tri thudalen cyfan (1-3 isod) yn eu maint gwreiddiol.

1. f. 1^v. Brenin ar ei orsedd a theyrnwialen yn ei law. Ceir peth niwed i'r ddalen hon.
2. f. 4^r. Yr hebogydd yn dal gwalch neu hebog, a chlwyd; ynad llys (barnwr) yn ei gadair a llyfr cyfraith yn ei law.
3. f. 6^r. Y gwastrod yn dal cyfrwy a'r cog yn lladd ieir; y gof wrth ei waith a chapan 'Phrygaidd' ar ei ben.
4. f. 3^r.Y penteulu, prif swyddog y llys, yn ei gadair a byrllysg yn ei law. Mae staen ar y ddalen.
5. f. 4^v.Y pengwastrod.
6. f. 3^v. Y distain, sef prif ystiward y llys, a dysgl yn ei law. Tebyg fod ei wisg ddeuliw yn adlewyrchu un a nodweddai ei swydd. Mae'r gair distain, yn annisgwyl, yn fenthyciad o'r Saesneg ('dish-thane'). Erbyn y drydedd ganrif ar ddeg yr oedd y distain mewn gwirionedd wedi dod i weithredu fel prif weinidog.
7. f. 6^v. Y rhingyll, yn dal y wayw oedd yn perthyn i'w swydd.
8. f. 5^r. Y pencynydd, sef y prif heliwr, â'i gorn; dau yn cusanu, golygfa a awgrymir gan natur swyddogaeth y swyddogion a grybwyllir yn yr adran nesaf, sef gwas ystafell a morwyn ystafell.
9. f. 5^v. Y drysor a'r porthor. Allweddi gan y naill a byrllysg gan y llall (fe gysylltir byrllysg â swydd y drysor mewn rhai testunau).
10. f. 20^v. Ar adar.
11. f. 21^r. Ar gŵn.
12. f. 22^r. Ar wenyn.
13. f. 23^v. Ar gleddyfau a tharianau.
14. f. 21^v. Cyfraith hela.
15. f. 22^r. Ar goed. Mae William Linnard 'Mân-ddarlun yn llsgr. Peniarth 28', Cylchgrawn Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru xxiii (1984), tt. 422-4, yn dangos fod naill goeden (ar y chwith) yn cynrychioli torri copi a'r llall yn cynrychioli tocio, sef y ddau ddull cyffredin gynt o drin coed a chael cnwd.
16. f. 26^r. (dalen sydd wedi cael niwed). Ar eifr; ar wyddau ac ieir. Bu hefyd ar y tudalen hwn ddarlun o gath, a gynrychiolir bellach gan amlinelliad twll yn y ddalen lle bwytaodd y lliw gwyrdd trwy'r memrwm.
17. f. 25^r. Ar foch.
18. f. 25^v. Ar ddefaid.
19. f. 23^v. Ar ychen a buchod.
20. f. 24^v. Ar geffylau.
21. f. 15^v. Tynnu gwallt, yn enghraifft o sarhaed.
22. f. 17^v. Dynes â dysgl. Dechrau'r adran ar gyfraith y gwragedd.
    
23. f. 11^v. Llythyren C addurnedig ar ddechrau adran ar gyfraith tir a daear.

Darllen pellach

• Peniarth 28 : testun Lladin o Gyfraith Hywel Dda
  
• Daniel Huws, 'Leges Howelda at Canterbury' yn Cylchgrawn Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru, XIX (1976), tt. 340-4. (Saesneg yn unig).
  
  

Leges Howelda at Canterbury - Daniel Huws

NLWJ xix (1976) pp. 340-4

PENIARTH MS 28 in the National Library of Wales has long been accepted as our earliest text, in Welsh or Latin, of the laws of Hywel Dda. It provides Redaction A in Dr. Emanuel's definitive edition of the Latin texts. This note is to record something new about the history of the manuscript; by way of coda, it offers a new opinion on its date.

The National Library of Wales belongs to a distinguished company of libraries concerning whose medieval bindings there is much to regret. Of the hundred odd medieval Peniarth manuscripts only three (none of them Welsh) survive in an original binding. Pen. 28 when Gwenogvryn Evans saw it was in 'old oak covers'. In 1940 it was re-bound. By better fortune than has sometimes been the case, something of the old binding was kept. What appear to have been the upper cover (of thin, smooth whittawed skin) and two pastedowns are now laid down on modern parchment leaves at the end of the book, numbered ff. 29-31; the boards, which would have told us more, have gone. The pastedown on f. 30^v preserves one previously un-noticed and somewhat unexpected piece of evidence: the pressmark of St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury.

Pen. 28 has no St. Augustine's ex libris inscription, but in this respect it is far far from being alone among St. Augustine's books. The pressmark, comprising distinctio and gradus (book-case and shelf) numbers, is written in dark brown ink, no longer very conspicuous, in the top right hand corner of the pastedown (originally inside the upper cover) : D' xvi G' iii. Preceding the pressmark, written in the same ink, partly illegible, even under ultra-violet light, comes 'W...holte', and immediately above it, in yellower ink, 'Leges Howclda Wallici', all in fourteenth-century hands, see plate 5b. The pressmark may be compared with the three St. Augustine's specimens reproduced in New Palaeographical Society, Series I, pl. 17. By an improbable coincidence one of the three reproduced, that on f. 4 of B.L. Harl. MS 3644, is not only in a similar hand and ink to that of Pen. 28 but shares with it the same distinctio and grades numbers.

The St. Augustine's library catalogue of c.1491-7, printed by M. R. James, lists over 1800 books but was never completed. Notably, for our purpose, it lists no Common Law books. And many books known to have been at St. Augustine's are not included. To these Pen. 28 must be added. St. Augustine's besides being a well if incompletely catalogued library was a well classified one. Because of its incompleteness the catalogue does not tell us what was kept in distinctio xvi. James's inference that it held Canon Law has to be rejected in the light of Ker's fuller list of surviving St. Augustine's books and their pressmarks. Two manuscripts besides Pen. 28 have the pressmark D' xvi G' iii, Harl. 3644 and York Minster xvi. D. 6. Both are Common Law books, a Briton and a Bracton, and they are the only surviving Common Law books from St. Augustine's to bear pressmarks. So, English Common Law was at D' xvi G' iii, and that, reasonably enough, was where someone saw best to shelve Leges Howelda Wallici.

The name of the donor was often written in St. Augustine's books in conjunction with the short title and pressmark. Probably what we have in Pen. 28 is 'W. Byholte'. William Byholte or de Byholte, a prior of the abbey, gave at least 27 books to St. Augustine's, covering many subjects; two of his manuscripts suggest an interest in law and public affairs. Dr. Emden has collected the references to him, showing him active in the years 1292-1318.

Pen. 28 was at St. Augustine's by the fourteenth century. The most notorious Canterbury student of the Welsh laws before this time is Archbishop John Peckham. When he wrote to Llywelyn ap Gruffydd in October 1279 complaining of the Prince's infringement of liberties of the Church, Peckham showed knowledge of the laws of Hywel Dda, though only by hearsay: 'contra quae opponitis...leges Howeli Da, quae Decalogo dicuntur in diversis articulis obviare'. When, in November 1282, after the terms of peace proposed by him had been rejected, Peckham sent his letter of general denunciation of the morality of Llywelyn and the Welsh, he twice referred to the laws of Howelda and makes it clear that this time it was a written text he had seen: 'ac Howelda......in lege sua, quam vidimus'. In this letter Peckham included among the sins of the Welsh their casual regard for the indissolubility of marriage and their allowing inheritance to illegitimate offspring. In Pen. 28, in the section concerning the separation of husband and wife, ff. 18^v - 20, there occur in the margin a number of crosses and nota signs, drawing attention to several of the features of the laws of Hywel Dda that would have seemed most outlandish to a person of Peckham's views. Were these made by clerks reading on Peckham's behalf, or even by Peckham himself? It would be gratifying to discover that William Byholte had in his younger days served with Peckham. Besides Peckham, there were of course other thirteenth-century Englishmen with an interest in the laws of Hywel. No doubt, in the years after 1277 when the Crown was much concerned with Welsh Law, or its circumvention, some of Edward I's officers acquired copies of the laws. Pen. 28 might conceivably have passed through such hands on its way to Canterbury, though it should be said that its margins betray no marks of interest in the great issue between Edward and Llywelyn, the determination of pleas.

There is next to no internal evidence as to where Pen. 28 spent the years between the Dissolution (supposing it remained at St. Augustine's until then) and its acquisition by Robert Vaughan. Many St. Augustine's manuscripts came into the possession of Dr. John Dee, a collector who would particularly have prized this one, but nothing like it appears in the surviving lists of his collection, nor does it show signs of his hand. A long sojourn outside Wales would explain one thing: the relative absence of marginalia, compared with most medieval Welsh manuscripts. After Peckham's time it would have found few readers.

The observations on Pen. 28 that follow have nothing to do with the Canterbury connection. Gwenogvryn Evans dated the manuscript to the last quarter of the twelfth century. This dating appears to have been accepted by all twentieth-century scholars and was given new authority by Dr. Emanuel. Two scholars of the last century had been of a different opinion. Aneurin Owen described Pen. 28 (at that time Hengwrt MS 7) as 'early thirteenth century' and W. E. W. Wynne as 'thirteenth century'. There are grounds for thinking they were nearer the mark. The smaller and less formal book hand and the two-column layout of the small page give Pen. 28 a thirteenth-century look, but they had been in use for a decade or two before 1200; the degree of lateral compression of the script on many pages of Pen. 28 would on the other hand be unusual before 1200, and so too would the marked fusion of counter-curved adjacent strokes, or 'biting' (see de, do, da, dd, be, po in plate 5a), one of the stamps of 'Gothic'. Other features of Pen. 28 point farther into the thirteenth century. During the twelfth century there developed in document or 'court' hand distinctive capital letter forms characterised by otiose and duplicated strokes within the body of letters. These came to be used with the smaller book hand, occasionally before 1200, commonly by the middle of the thirteenth century. Many of them occur in Pen. 28; notice in plate 5a the forms of O, M, Q, S (col. 2 line 3), A and N. Another form favoured by the Pen. 28 scribe, likewise derived from document script and common in the smaller book hand by mid-century is a long-tailed g, particularly prominent when free to extend into the left-hand or lower margin, see examples in both plates. I don't know that the horizontal stroke joining the tops of the ascenders of ll or lb appears before 1200, or that it is at all common before 1250; it occurs often in Pen. 28. About the year 1230, as Neil Ker has taught us, the best English scribes adopted a practice of writing the first line of a page below rather than above the top ruled line. This practise is followed in Pen. 28. It seems unlikely that a Welsh scribe would have anticipated English fashion in this respect (that the scribe of Pen. 28 was Welsh is fairly certain, as Dr. Emanuel points out). On ff. 18 and 20^v Pen. 28 has two-line green initials with red pen flourishes of half-column length. Crude specimens though they are, these flourishes seem in their length to represent a fashion that only became well established in the second quarter of the thirteenth century and would be hard to exemplify before 1200. Lastly, there are the often-reproduced drawings of Pen. 28. These are hardly professional work. Perhaps they are by the scribe - they seem to be in the same ink as the text. The drawing on f. i^v of the king on his throne (see plate 6), stands quite apart from the others. It is of a far higher degree of sophistication, clearly reflecting a different quality of archetype, one belonging to a recognisable and non-Welsh lineage. I am grateful to have had the comments of Dr. George Henderson, kindly passed on to me by Morfydd Owen. Dr. Henderson would date the archetype of this drawing about 1200. All considered, a thirteenthcentury date for Pen. 28 seems inescapable; 'mid-thirteenth century' is what I would propose. The careful if not entirely expert production of Pen. 28 and its furnishing with drawings suggest that it may have been written for some person of importance, someone other than a lawyer. I am not sure that we can exclude a possibility that Peckham might have been that person, a suggestion mainly intended to emphasise that 'mid-thirteenth century' is a rough term for a period whose bounds might be as wide as 1230 and 1282.

Granting it such a date, there are features of Pen. 28 that can only be viewed as old-fashioned: the frequent use of majuscule R instead of the minuscule, use of the ampersand instead of the tironian nota (two archaisms common in thirteenth-century liturgical manuscripts), use of green rather than blue for the large initials, even, when at its least compressed, the somewhat rounded look of the writing. We have learnt to expect to see archaic features in Welsh manuscripts.

Daniel Huws
Aberystwyth

Darllen pellach

• Peniarth 28 : testun Lladin o Gyfraith Hywel Dda
  
• Daniel Huws, Peniarth 28: darluniau o lyfr Cyfraith Hywel Dda. (Aberystwyth: Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru, 1989).